Lighting System for Circadian Control and Enhanced Performance

ABSTRACT

Systems tune, control, or remediate the intrinsic Circadian clock. A light controller sets spectral distribution, intensity of a bioactive spectral band to shift or entrain circadian response to enhance performance and/or synchronize with local or expected conditions. The systems enhance performance under conditions that might be changing, disrupted, or otherwise present an irregular phase or unnatural change in the subject&#39;s circadian status, for example, due to geographically discontinuous activity or spectrally deficient workplace illumination, or due to divergent individual sleep/wake behaviors of subjects in a structured group activity. An illumination recipe that compensates for the deficiency of lighting or of participant sleep or behavior patterns, or age- or disease-related changes, to evoke, shift, or align circadian response and improve behaviors such as classroom alertness, relaxation, excitability, attention, or focus. Systems may receive sensed light values and automatically apply high- and/or low-CER illumination to effect the intended circadian phase.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/991,681 filed May 29, 2018, which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/511,692 filed May26, 2017 and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/654,790 filedApr. 9, 2018, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under grant numbers1430007 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The government hascertain rights in the invention

BACKGROUND AND TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to workplace lighting and to enhancing focus,attention, sleep, mood and restfulness; it also relates to mitigatingeffects of schedule changes, travel and organization or tasks.

The economic burden of sleep loss has been estimated at $411 billion peryear in the United States. Sleep and circadian rhythms influence humanperformance, impulsivity, decision-making, learning, memory, attention,alertness, and overall physical and mental health. The demand for humansto perform critical work-related tasks at adverse circadian phases(i.e., biological night) while lacking adequate sleep has played a rolein some of the world's most devastating industrial and engineeringdisasters (such as Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, the Challengerexplosion, Exxon Valdez, American Airlines Flight 1420, etc.). Whereperformance, alertness, and attention are critical for success military,professional sports, medical/health care, transportation,school/training etc. or other organizations operating with defined orchanging schedules, may be impacted by effects on personnel ofinteractions between inadequate sleep and adverse circadian phase.Current knowledge of how sleep and circadian rhythms are regulated haveallowed for experimental manipulation of sleep and circadian factors inorder to improve performance outcomes. There also exist many specific orinstitutional situations in which individuals live or work in anartificial or institutional milieu, in which the lighting conditions,sleep/wake schedules, the activities of the occupants, and theircircadian responses may differ in phase or degree, from the circadianprocesses that are generally accepted or empirically observed in thepopulation at large. Depending upon circumstances and subject toconfirmation, several specific examples might benefit frombetter-controlled lighting. Until now, however, circadian interventionshave been developed for the laboratory and technology to bring theseinterventions out of the lab has not been available.

The present invention remedies this situation by providing light controland behavior- or illumination-sensing hardware to permit practical studyand application of circadian effectors to aspects of training, lodging,industrial lighting, human activity and other systems.

By way of background understanding of relevant physiology, we begin witha description of sleep regulation.

The patterns of sleep/wake and the distribution of stages within sleepare understood using a theoretical framework termed the two-processmodel of sleep/wake regulation. At the heart of this model are twobiological systems: a sleep-dependent homeostatic process (Process S)and a sleep-independent circadian process (Process C). Process S risesduring waking and declines during sleep; Process C derives from theinternal daily biological rhythm or oscillation. Under idealcircumstances, the result of the interaction between these processes isthat sleep is favored after wakefulness accumulates across the day(Process S) and also at specific times in the 24-hour day (Process C);however, many occupations (i.e., military, professional sports,medicine) expect employees to perform critical operations followinginadequate sleep or at adverse circadian phases (e.g., during biologicalnight) or when inadequate sleep is combined with adverse circadianphase.

Systems of the present invention use knowledge of circadian biology toimprove performance through either stabilizing circadian rhythms oraligning circadian peak of performance of a subject or of a group ofsubjects to performance schedule (e.g., military mission, professionalsports game) or aligning circadian rhythms with scheduled performance inorder to avoid the nadir of circadian performance. Circadian rhythms are˜24-hour cycles in human physiology that cause events such as sleep,alertness, mood, hormone release, etc. to be favored at certain times ofthe day. A misalignment between these endogenous circadian rhythms andthe environment results in unpleasant side effects similar to those seenin jet lag and shiftwork.

Light is the most potent stimulus to entrain and shift circadianrhythms, and several components of light are critical in order toeffectively alter the circadian timing system. The components includethe spectral characteristics, the intensity, and the timing of light. Ithink we should add something here about photic history. The history oftiming and intensity of light exposure is also important. Severalstudies have shown that the mammalian circadian system is most sensitiveto light with spectral content near 460 nm and the phase shifting effectof light occurs at eye-level illuminance levels starting at about 50 andplateauing at 550 lux using white light, with greater phase shifts athigher intensities. Finally, the timing of light is critical based onwhether an advance (light in the late biological night/early morning) ora delay of the circadian timing system (light in the evening) istargeted. Thus, several lines of research demonstrate that theappropriately timed delivery of light with specific spectralcharacteristics and of an ideal illuminance/intensity is a powerful toolfor aligning endogenous circadian rhythms to the externalenvironment/shift circadian rhythms; conversely, inappropriate timing oflight can be an equally powerful tool in disrupting human circadianrhythms. Therefore, it is critical for circadian-enhanced biophiliclighting to be designed with informed circadian rhythm/sleep andengineering expertise to ensure optimal delivery (e.g., circadianalignment to performance schedule).

SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS

An aspect of the invention provides a system for tuning, control orremediation of a biological light-responsive state, the systemcomprising a lighting unit or light controller to control anillumination source and being operative to set at least one of: spectraldistribution, light intensity, and a bioactive spectral band, during aprogrammed or specified time, so as to modify or supplement ambient orother illumination and set, shift or entrain a circadian biologicalresponse of a subject in a manner effective to enhance user health orperformance. The system acts on circadian phase of a subject underchanging, disrupted, unnatural, geographically discontinuous orspectrally deficient or otherwise non-optimal or inappropriate lighting.Aspects of the invention involve applying an illumination recipe thatcompensates for deficiency, or shifts or enhances the circadian responsein a subject. The subject is generally a human but may be any mammal,bird or animal having visual apparatus that includes suitably lightresponsive cells.

In a particular embodiment, the system further comprises a Table ofPrescriptive Settings for controlling light to synchronize a subject'stiming or level of production of melatonin or other circadian effectorto optimize at least one of alertness, cognition, physical performance,sleepiness, sleep, and restedness in accordance with a predeterminedscheduled event, group activity or mission. In general, the controllerprovides automated control or wireless management of illuminationparameters. In various embodiments, fully wired systems may be providedthat incorporate a controller for a fixed environment or user populationFor example, the controller applies a palliative light recipe to manageor reduce sleepiness, fatigue or tension, or to address a medicalcondition such as elevated blood pressure or to correct or alter apsychological condition, or a mood. The control subsystem may connectwith a light monitoring and evaluation unit to detect sub-optimalambient light conditions, which are then supplemented or corrected byone or more prescriptive settings.

In general, systems of the invention are designed with electricallyefficient solid state light sources, and the controller controls a setof at least two distinct LED light sources to set a prescribedillumination supplement and/or schedule. Exemplary LED light sourcesinclude a blue-enhanced output band and a second band having little orno blue component. Such sources are commercially available, for example,the Hue smart lighting modules made by Philips Lighting.

The controller in various embodiments receives a sensor input, such as abiofeedback signal indicative of a subject's circadian state (phase) orestimated circadian state or physiological response (e.g., indicative ofactivity level or indicative of melatonin level in a subjects' bodyfluid or of one or more secondary biological or metabolic indicators ofcircadian state) and adjusts the light actuation recipe in accordancewith that signal, altering ambient lighting to achieve a desiredresponse in the subject. For example the subject having at least onescheduled performance obligation such as; an athletic event or teamactivity; a military mission which is an activity such as an army or airforce mission or orders specifying an activity under which a naval pilotnavigates; a medical activity conducted by any of the medical personnelsuch as in an emergency room schedule, a surgical or an obstetricalactivity; an artistic activity such as a theater or concert performance;or a transportation endurance activity such as long distance trucking orjet plane travel. In any of these activities it may be necessary for thesubject to use the system provided herein to operate under abnormalconstraints of time and lighting, such as extending a work interval toan 80 hour shift; or a pilot flying repeat missions. In accordance withone aspect of the invention, the system controls ambient lighting toshift the circadian phase in such cases to one that is compatible withthe expected or scheduled levels and times of activity of asubject—i.e., the systems herein are configured and operated to managephysiological responses to the time constraints.

Accordingly, the system according to this aspect of the invention, maybe located in a designated remediation area of a structure or facilityselected from: an athletic facility, an airport hangar, a compartment ora cabin of a truck, plane, ship or bus, a room in a hospital such as aninterns' lounge, or an operating room, nursing home, or an assistedliving facility; or a school class room, or a long-distance transportvehicle.

In an embodiment of the system, the controller and the LED light sourcesare in a kit in a container which is portable and further comprisesinstructions for installation and de-installation. In a certainembodiment, the automated control is manually adjustable by the subjector other user. In an alternative embodiment, the automated control isnot adjustable.

Specific embodiments of a system may be adapted to address a specificperformance environment, such as a classroom, an industrial productionline, a long distance transport, or other user locus. Other embodimentsmay supplement existing level of ambient light to achieve circadianenhancements or synchronization, and still other embodiments may delivera regimen of blue-enhanced illumination to compensate for age-relatedreduction of light-transmission characteristics of the user's eye, orinadequate or poor distribution of light in the working environment, orgroup-related behaviors that otherwise would impact normal diurnal restor activity patterns.

Systems of the invention are based upon the strong connection betweenlight and physiological circadian rhythms. Three components of light arecritical in order to effectively alter the circadian timing system. Thecomponents include the spectral characteristics, the intensity, and thetiming of light. Also knowledge of prior light and sleep/wake historyand current light history helps. Several studies have shown that themammalian circadian system is most sensitive to light with spectralcontent near 460 nm and the circadian phase shifting effect of lightoccurs at eye-level intensities (illuminance) starting at about 50 andreaching a plateau at 550 lux (white light), with greater circadianphase shifts caused by higher intensities. Finally, the timing of lightis critical based on whether an advance (light in the late biologicalnight/early morning) or a delay of the circadian timing system (light inthe evening) is targeted. Thus, several lines of research demonstratethat the appropriately timed delivery of light with specific spectralcharacteristics and of an ideal intensity is a powerful tool foraligning endogenous circadian rhythms to the external environment;conversely, inappropriate timing of light can be an equally powerfultool in disrupting human circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is criticalfor circadian-enhanced biophilic lighting systems of the invention to bedesigned by informed circadian rhythm/sleep and engineering experts toensure delivery that is effective (e.g., that aligns circadian phase toa performance schedule or actual ambient timing, or that stabilizes,normalizes or shifts the circadian phase).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A smart biophilic lighting system delivers circadian-targeted lightingthat results in circadian stabilization to the local solar lightdark/cycle or that shifts the circadian pattern to a target performancecycle or level of circadian activity. For example, if an East Coastsports team has to adjust to a California game or US military has amission overseas, the systems of the invention are actuated to providesupplemental illumination that results in alignment of the subject'scircadian clock with the prevailing daylight or natural circadianalignment. As mentioned above, current industrial or domestic lighting“systems” lack both the algorithms and hardware necessary to deliverappropriately timed circadian-affecting illumination. Some potentiallysuitable hardware components (LED lights, controllers, sensors, etc.)that could be used to assemble such a system are already available inthe marketplace; however the art and science of combining them accordingto sound chronobiology principles and data so as to positively affectcircadian performance has not yet been achieved. Solutions are proposedherein that address the weaknesses in current systems, (namely, the lackof clinical/chronobiology validation and the lack of suitablesense-and-control set points and operating capabilities to implementcircadian targeted lighting), and achieve fully integrated, smart,circadian illumination to enhance the success of critical operationswhere performance goals require alertness and responsivity. Exemplaryapplications include athletes/sports teams, the military, and othermission- or performance-critical work. The present invention utilizessensing and control to effectively measure and adjust the circadianphase of a subject. The application of dynamic sensing and control oflighting conditions to provide circadian-enhanced illumination is noveland represents a great advance in the design of functional interiorlighting. This approach leverages new technologies in integrated andnetworked sensor modules, distributed network technology and environmentawareness algorithms to address a problem that had not yet been tackled,namely that of achieving human-centric illumination that optimizes theperformance and alertness of a subject in spaces and applications whereperformance is critical.

In overall summary, systems of the invention may have sensors thatmeasure or indicate circadian phase data and sleep/wake patterns orhistory and may use the sensed data to select or calculate light recipesto shift/stabilize the circadian system to enhance performance and focusand sleep outcomes at specific/desired times.

This is done by shifting internal circadian phase to peak circadian timeof performance (e.g., biological day) to match the external scheduledtime of performance (e.g., biological night). Alternatively, thelighting system can shift the internal circadian rhythm to avoidcircadian troughs in performance during externally scheduled workperiods. In a circadian aligned individual the circadian rhythm inperformance favors better performance during the day and worseperformance at night. This lighting system can shift an individual'sinternal circadian time from biological day to biological night to matchtheir work period that's scheduled at night. This is done by applying asuitable light recipe.

The recipes consist generally of sequences of light stimuli that areadministered using ocular light exposure at specific times relative tocircadian phase, and that contain certain spectral and illuminancecharacteristics. These times of delivery are informed by variousfactors, including the phase response curve, photic/light history,sleep/wake history, individual and group characteristics (age, sex,lifestyle, health condition, level of activity), work environment.Actual recipes may be limited by the flexibility (or lack thereof) tofacilitate shifting internal biology by also shifting sleep/wake timesor photic history, and the length of time available for the shift totake place.

Certain specific light characteristics, such as the amount of spectraloverlap of the light source with the melatonin action spectrum—namely,the circadian action factor (CAF) and circadian efficacy ofradiation—help inform the synthesis of the recipes and optimize theefficacy of the light stimuli; light stimuli with large CAF values aremore efficient at imparting circadian phase shifts than light stimuliwith low CAF.

To shift the circadian phase, the system must first be able to estimateit. This may be dome by means of any one of the methods currentlyavailable for measuring or estimating circadian phase, including corebody temperature, dim light melatonin onset or levels) assessments orcortisol from saliva, blood, or urine, metabolites measured from bodyfluids, sleep/wake patterns (self reported or objectively recorded usingfrom activity/inactivity measurements (e.g., actigraphy) or from PSGmeasured sleep, etc) or measured from contrasting light/dark photichistory or from work schedules or travel schedules or a combination ofthe above factors.

Several experiments have demonstrated the ability of our lighting systemand recipes to shift internal circadian biology in humans. Oneexperiment was conducted in the laboratory in young adults. The aim ofthe study was to determine what spectral boost in white lighting (red,green, blue) and what intensity (low, medium, high) was best atsuppressing melatonin. Data from 24 individuals was analyzed and thesedata demonstrated that the blue-boosted high intensity light was best atsuppression of nighttime melatonin.

A second experiment was conducted in the laboratory in a mock classroomsetting in middle school students. One aim of the study was to determineif spectrally boosted light significantly advanced circadian phase andwhether it was associated with improved performance. Data from 8 middleschool aged children showed that blue-boosted high intensity lightadvanced circadian phase with 5-days of morning exposure to theblue-boosted light compared to baseline. In addition, performance wasenhanced on a memory recall task and subjective sleepiness reduced inthe blue-boosted light condition compared to a red-boosted white lightcondition.

A third experiment was conducted in a real-world setting at a middleschool, where the aim of the study was to determine if blue-boostedmorning light could advance circadian rhythms in middle school studentsin the real world. Baseline circadian phase was measured using dim lightmelatonin onsets (DLMO) after 5 days of lighting as usual and comparedthe measurements within individuals to their DLMO following 5 days ofblue-boosted morning light and blue-reduced afternoon light. Data from16 middle school children showed that blue-boosted lighting was able toadvance circadian phase when exposed to an average of 11 hours ofblue-boosted morning light across the 5 day school week. In addition,the blue-boosted lighting condition was associated with a significantreduction in sleep onset latency (in other words, the children fellasleep more quickly).

A fourth experiment was run in adults in a real-world setting, apersonal residence. The aim of the study was to determine if oneadministration of lighting in a real-world setting could delay theinternal circadian clock. Data from 4 adults showed that the lightingsystem installed in a personal residence was able to delay circadianrhythms.

On a hardware level, the system consists of three basic components (1)illumination such as a multi-channel LED light module capable ofdelivering tunable spectrum and intensity; (2) sensor modules forobtaining occupant/subject information and enabling operation infeedback mode; (3) a networked control infrastructure based on a humancircadian response “model” from which the optimal lighting conditionswill be derived and the parameters of which will be updated based onsensor data for determining future behavior.

Preferably a software infrastructure is developed to achieve ambientoccupation awareness via data mining from sensors, without invading theprivacy of the occupants (e.g. image and sound recording are not used inthe algorithms). This data may then be is used along with user-parameterinput to derive and implement ideal, mission-critical lightingconditions from human models of circadian-phase alignment currentlyunder development by the inventors. In operation, implementation of thecircadian lighting is constantly tracked by the system's sensors anddata algorithms, and system/model parameters are updated in real-timefeedback mode from measured data. An initial period of operation may bedevoted to identifying the “natural” circadian phase/light responsecharacteristics of a subject or identified population (such as children,industrial workers, elderly nursing home residents) so as to effectivelydocument control conditions and light-caused responses of the subjectpopulations. As described further below, systems of the invention mayinclude light-based or actigraphy-based subject diagnostic systems;site-based evaluation systems, therapeutic or otherwise improvedillumination systems, as well as a general workplace programmableillumination control or improvement apparatus.

The system is intended to operate in a seamless manner—once the desiredcircadian alignment parameters (e.g., the time zone to adjust from andthe time zone to adjust to) are entered into the system by the user,system operation begins and occurs automatically in the backgrounddetecting site illumination levels and user physiological circadianstate or phase, and supplementing ambient illumination without the needfor user intervention during the phase-shifting orillumination-supplementing process. The system does not shock the usersby producing abrupt changes in the lighting conditions—rather, changesare gradual and allow the users to continue their normal activity whilethe system is at work shifting their circadian phase to meet travel,local or work-imposed change requirements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the system showing variouscomponents.

FIG. 2 illustrates the Melatkonin (circadian) and photopic spectra.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B illustrate creation of circadian enhanced spectra,wherein individual LED channels (FIG. 3A) are driven with differentintensities (x, y, z) to produce different sum spectra (FIG. 3B).

FIG. 4A shows Spectra of “Red”, “Green”, and “Blue” presets chosen forone study, the spectra being offset vertically and scaled based on thephotopic illuminance (lux) for easier viewing.

FIG. 4B plots colors of spectra (FIG. 4A) in a chromaticity diagram forreference.

FIG. 5 shows (on the left side) the effect on melatonin of red-enhancedillumination and (on the right side) blue-enhanced illumination. Agreater suppression of melatonin with blue boosted light at 500 lux wasobserved compared to red-boosted broad spectrum light. The resultsindicate that spectrally boosted white light can affect melatoninsuppression and thus effectively interact with the circadian system.

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a portable, deployable,circadian-enhanced LED fixture for use in systems of the invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates changes in transmissivity of the optic lens withincreasing age of a subject.

FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B illustrate CER or ambient light at different timesof day and corresponding CER of illumination generated by the system ofthe invention.

FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B show a photonic sensor and a wearable sensor unitsfor collecting photonic and circadian information.

FIG. 10 illustrates wearable sensor units for collecting userinformation and spectral distribution information which is processed orcorrelated with ambient conditions or lighting control operation tomanage or strengthen the user model in a circadian lighting controlsystem.

FIG. 11. Shows the Melatonin (circadian) and photopic spectra. Thenormalized action spectrum for melatonin suppression (C(λ)) [18, 20, 21]and for photopic luminosity (V(λ)) are shown for reference. They areused in equations 1 and 2 to calculate the Circadian Action Factor.

FIG. 11. Spectra of LED channels used in our modules. Data were measuredwith a spectrophotometer by placing the modules within a white box. Theblue, purple, and yellow curves represent typical LED emission spectra.The orange curve represents a phosphor-LED module, where the broadbandphosphor emission is excited by the narrow LED peak near 450 nm.

FIG. 12. Solar and LED spectra. The normalized spectral powerdistribution of daylight during the morning period on Jan. 25, 2016 isshown in red and the results of fitting the 4-channel LED module areshown in black. The inset graphs show the position of the sun relativeto the horizon (horizontal line). The dashed vertical line indicates theposition of the peak in the solar daylight illuminance spectrum. Solardaylight data were collected on Jan. 25, 2016 in Providence, R.I., USA(41.8240° N, 71.4128° W) with sun rise at 07:05 and sunset at 16:51.

FIG. 13. Figures of merit for solar daylight and LED light, showing (a)Circadian efficacy of radiation (CER), (b) circadian action factor(CAF), (c) correlated color temperature (CCT), and (d) color renderingindex (CRI). Solar data are shown in red and LED data in black. Solardata were collected on Jan. 25, 2016 in Providence, R.I., USA (41.8240°N, 71.4128° W) with sunrise at 07:05 and sunset at 16:51.

FIG. 14A illustrates spectral power distribution achieved with a Huelight set to 2700K compared to an incandescent source.

FIG. 14B shows a spectral distribution achieved with a Hue light thatadditionally stimulates a fluorescent source which provides a broaderspectral output.

FIG. 15 shows the effect on DLMO achieved with one light recipe (decimalclock time).

FIG. 16 shows shifts in circadian phase of students exposed to differentregimens of circadian-enhanced morning light across five consecutivemornings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the system showing variouscomponents. A user input/interface and a sensor subsystem communicatewith a control subsystem/unit, which in turn manages operation of alighting system. The thick arrows marked “wireless” representconnections between subsystems which in one embodiment are preferablymade using a wireless protocol such as WiFi, but may be implementedusing conventional wired connections such as Ethernet etc. The boxeslabeled “expert” connected with dashed arrows represent advancedfeatures that embody control processes or application-specific lightintensity, duration or spectral control and may involve expertconsulting, may incorporate research findings, or may be implementedwith machine learning to provide confirmatory or learned observationsobtained from the system sensors such as actigraphy sensors worn by asubject and operating in a specialized subject group where specificbehaviors become manifest via the actigraphy data.

Briefly, the system implements, or tunes, or documents a human model forcircadian-photo-entrainment, or light-mediated establishment of acircadian pattern, which is partly derived from past experimentshistorically conducted by the proposers as well as other researchgroups, both in the laboratory and in-situ. This model is a centralcomponent of our system, as it enables computation of the appropriatelight supplements or ‘prescriptions’—i.e., combinations of spectral andintensity content as a function of time—and their effect andcharacteristic delays they promote to either stabilize or to activelyshift the circadian phase of a user. However, in accordance with oneaspect of the invention, physiological sensors worn by a subject arealso monitored, and these may confirm the effectiveness of an appliedlight regimen, or may identify actual circadian data or phaseadvances/delays between illumination and response for a given group ofsubjects, or may display other newly-detected correlations.

For example, when applied to a control group of nursing home occupants,or applied to a group of middle-school children, or to a group ofautism-spectrum children the sensors may demonstrate or approximateactual melatonin-sensed DLMO trough timing characteristic of thespecific group of subjects, which may depend on factors such as thespectral transmissivity of their eyes, (for elderly or cataractpatients) developmental factors affecting normal melatonin synthesis, orfactors specific to peculiarities of cerebral development of thesubjects.

Applicant expects that by applying the light control system and sensorarrangements described herein, operation will quickly identify manyphysiological and behavioral traits influenced by, or even determined bylight-responsive melatonin levels, and identify one or more lightcorrection or supplemental lighting, as well as the necessary time,duration and spectral intensity of light administration, required by thegroup for effective circadian phase management. Thus the systems of thepresent invention provide a scientifically valid measurement system todefine recipes for circadian monitoring and control in human groups.

The human model begins with a circadian goal (e.g., to detect, to phaseshift or to stabilize circadian rhythms) and uses baseline informationfrom before (up to several weeks) the circadian goal is achieved (i.e.,baseline dim light melatonin onset (DLMO), sleep, sleep/wake schedule,objective sleep tracking data) to inform a prescription for achievingthat goal.

The ability of the described system to achieve circadian goals is beingverified with circadian phase data collected from human participants asdescribed further below. Circadian goals include but are not limited toachieving a circadian phase of peak alertness/focus, cognitive function,physical performance, and sleep facilitation. The system also identifiesthe circadian trough of alertness/focus, cognitive function, physicalperformance, and sleep consolidation/function. The circadian phasesassociated with peak/trough of alertness, cognition, sleepconsolidation, for example, are well documented. The system may focus oneither the avoidance of the trough or targeting the peak circadian phaseor a combination of both. A combination of factors dictate how the humansystem navigates between these states. Exposure to light and prior lighthistory are important factors that dictate this progression. In certaincircumstances the system is operated to implement changes in lightingfor at least several days leading up to a phase shifting light exposurein order to maximize the effect of the light exposure.

FIG. 2 above shows the Melatonin (circadian) and photopic spectra. Thenormalized action spectrum for melatonin suppression (C(λ)) and forphotopic luminosity (V(λ)) shown for reference in that Figure are usedto calculate the Circadian Action Factor (CAF).

Essential to system operation is the ability to control relativespectral output (i.e. power density) within the melatonin spectrum (FIG.2) and outside of it, and in some instances to record or document theillumination history for use in the decision tree of the light controlmodule. For example some useful control patterns may require boostingthe blue component, and reducing the blue component, at different timesof day. The relative output within and outside of the melatonin actionspectrum can be quantified via the Figures of Merit described, forexample, in Hye Oh, J., Ji Yang, S. & Rag Do, Y. Healthy. Natural,efficient and tunable lighting: four-package white LEDs for optimizingthe circadian effect, color quality and vision performance. Light Sci.Appl. 3, e141 (2014). Recently, Oh et al. introduced two figures ofmerit, the circadian efficiency of radiation (CER, Equation 1) and thecircadian action factor (CAF), to help quantify the circadian effect ofartificial light sources. The CER quantitatively measures the portion ofthe source's spectral radiant flux that overlaps with themelatonin-suppressing action spectrum, and is therefore relevant forgauging the interaction of a light source with the circadian pacemaker.The CER is defined as the ratio of the circadian flux to radiant flux:

CER=K _(c0)∫_(380nm) ^(780nm) C(λ)S(λ)/f ₀ ^(∞) S(λ)dλ,  (1)

where S(λ) is the spectral radiant flux of the lighting source and C(λ)is the spectral circadian efficiency function (also called the circadianaction function). K_(c0)=683 blm/W is the maximum value of the spectralluminous efficacy for photopic vision. FIG. 1 shows the circadiansensitivity function (i.e. the melatonin-suppressing action spectrum)plotted within the visible range. We used the data from Gall et al. inour experiments. The luminous efficiency (photopic) function is alsoshown for comparison.

The normalized action spectrum for melatonin suppression (C(λ)) and forphotopic luminosity (V(λ)) are shown for reference. They are used inequations (1) and (2) to calculate the Circadian Action Factor (CAF),defined as the ratio of the CER to the luminous efficiency of theradiation (LER, Equation 2). The LER is computed similarly to equation(1):

LER=K ₀∫_(380nm) ^(780nm) V(λ)S(λ)/∫ ₀ ^(∞) S(λ)dλ,  (2)

where K₀ is 683 lm W⁻¹ and V(λ) is the photopic spectral luminousefficiency function. The CAF thus has units of blm/lm, i.e. ‘biolumenper lumen’, and thus represents the ratio of the source's luminositywithin the circadian range to that within the photopic range.

Finally, closely related to the concepts of color and spectral fullnessis the color rendering index (CRI). The CRI quantifies the ability of alight source to render the colors of illuminated objects faithfully incomparison with an ideal light source. The maximum CRI value is 100.LED-phosphor based sources often exhibit a ‘dead-zone’ or gap in thespectrum, occurring between the blue ‘pump’ emission and the phosphoremission, and generally spanning wavelengths between 460 and 530 nm.

Different CER and CAF are achieved in LED systems containingindependently controllable channels (FIG. 3). Each channel has adifferent spectral output content. Combining multiple channels bydriving them at different (adjustable) intensities e.g., such as viapulse width modulation, thus allows for additive combinations of theindividual output spectra to generate a “sum” spectrum that combinesspectral features from all channels being driven in the sameproportions. In this manner, desired spectra for the purposes ofinteracting with the circadian system and for achieving desired CAF andCER values are “assembled” from basic components. The channels areeither spectrally broadband (e.g. phosphor-LED) or spectrally narrow(e.g. as in a conventional non-phosphor LED), depending on whether theyare used to patch (or boost) certain regions of the desired outputspectrum or to create a baseline broadband spectrum. Combined, thechannels should produce light within the visible range (from ˜360 to 780nm).

Broad-spectrum phosphor-LEDs can be combined to create a baselinespectrum devoid of spectral gaps. If needed, spectrally narrow LEDs canbe added to shape certain regions of interest in the spectrum, such asthe wavelengths corresponding to the melatonin action spectrum near 460nm. Passive elements, such as absorbing or attenuating filters can alsobe used, but in this case efficiency is sacrificed.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate the method for creating circadian enhancedspectra. As shown in FIG. 3A individual LED channels are driven withdifferent intensities (x, y, z) to produce different sum spectra asshown in FIG. 3B. FIG. 4 A shows spectra of “Red”, “Green”, and “Blue”presets chosen for one study. The spectra are offset vertically andscaled based on the photopic illuminance (lux) for easier viewing. InFIG. 4B colors of the spectra of FIG. 4A are plotted in the chromaticitydiagram for reference. Such systems are used in sleep-lab studies. TheLED spectra of FIGS. 4A and 4B and were found to influence humancircadian rhythms based on initial studies conducted by us. The LEDspectra were created with off-the-shelf controllable LED lights (PhilipsHue). Their CER and CAF values along with other figures of merit aregiven in Table 1 infra.

FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing melatonin difference scores (percentsuppression) resulting from exposure either to ambient light enhancedwith bright light conditions (about 500 lux) of red wavelengths (bar onthe left side of the Figure) or blue wavelengths (bar on right), ofstudents exposed to the system herein. Light was administered beginningat 1.5 hours post habitual bedtime for one hour. The data indicate thatthe blue-enhanced light was more effective than the red-enhanced light(p=0.002) in suppressing melatonin, the percent suppression calculatedin comparison to dim light conditions (less than 10 lux).

A greater suppression of melatonin with blue boosted light at 500 luxwas observed compared to red-boosted broad spectrum light (F(2,14)=9.55,p=0.0024), and indicates that spectrally boosted white light can affectmelatonin suppression and thus effectively interact with the circadiansystem of a subject.

FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of a portable, deployable,circadian-enhanced LED fixture for easy installation in criticalenvironment without the need to perform significant structural changes.The fixture has two different spectral sources extending in a long stripor band for projecting illumination into a workspace, and may bemounted, for example, over a work bench or in multiple strips to provideroom-filling illumination of controlled intensity and spectraldistribution.

TABLE 1 Measured parameters for spectra used in study SpectrumChromaticity CCT CER LER CAF Boost (x, y) CRI (K) (blmW⁻¹) (lmW⁻¹) (blmlm⁻¹) Red (0.464, 0.408) 89.8 2487 100 423 0.24 Green (0.42, 0.47) 74.93672 107 374 0.29 Blue (0.29, 0.26) 79.1 >6500 323 307 1.05Further studies are underway to better ascertain and quantify theseinteractions. However, the results reported here serve as proof ofprinciple that an off-the shelf system can be effective for generatingdifferent light conditions that directly and measurably affect circadianphase. It is envisaged that systems of the present invention will beoperated with several different populations and institutionalenvironments to detect responses and sensitivities, and to developuseful conditioning or therapeutic regimens to improve subject healthfor specific individuals or groups.

This may be done by monitoring actigraphy data from group or individualto determine its characteristic circadian phase in its typical settingor location, and applying a light effector or stimulus, such asblue-boosted light at an identified time in the circadian phase, anddetermining from the sensor worn by the subject(s) how the stimulusdelays, stabilizes or advances the establish circadian phase. Theobserved effects may be general, or may apply to specific groups ofsubjects or to individuals. On an elementary level, the lightprescriptions may be established to delay, or to advance, the circadianphase. Furthermore fixed light-applying recipes may be provided in somecircumstances without reference to the sensed responses of the subjectsor groups of subjects.

By way of example, administration of blue-boosted light for severalhours in the morning was found to advance dim light melatonin onset(DLMO), thus advancing the circadian phase. Studies of performance asmeasured by memory recall (#correct) or subjective sleepiness (using theKarolinska Sleepiness scale) were found to be influenced by dailyadministration of blue-boosted light in the mornings compared tored-boosted light. Blue-boosted light enhanced memory/recall scores,while red increases sleepiness.

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates one portable, deployable,circadian-enhanced LED fixture configured for easy installation incritical environment without the need to perform significant structuralchanges.

Systems of the invention may include a sensor system, which may includethe following types of sensor units/tasks:

(1) Photometer units capable of measuring illuminance and spectralcomposition in the environment where the prescription is beingimplemented. This data is used in recalculating/correcting channel drivevalues derived from the human model in real time to compensate forvariations in light composition due to (a) extraneous sources of light,including windows and other light sources not belonging to the systemand (b) variations in the light output from the system illuminationmodules due to changes in temperature, etc.

(2) Human circadian activity sensors. These may include wearable andnon-wearable devices capable of assessing the occupants' circadianactivity. Wearable melatonin measuring devices (e.g. skin-patch,saliva-sampling, blood sampling), wireless core body temperaturesensors, core body temperature probes, etc. Wearable accelerometer units(such as Actigraph, Fitbit, or custom made units) may be used fordetermining sleep-wake onset.

(3) Human physical and cognitive activity monitoring sensors, capable ofassessing physical and cognitive activity levels in the occupants. Thismay include wearable devices e.g. wearable accelerometer,electroencephalogram (EEG) modules, etc. or indirect (non-wearable)units e.g. sound level measurements, sonar/radar motion sensors,infrared motion sensors, gas/CO2 sensing etc.

(4) Units equipped with other environmental parameter sensors, includingtemperature, humidity, etc. may also be used to derive auxiliaryparameters for the human model.

Systems of the invention employ light prescriptions—lighting of definedintensity, spectral distribution and duration—which the control systemuses to effect the desired operation. These may be general pre-definedprescriptions of a proposed or theoretical nature, or may be set upbased on detected environmental or physiological states and operative torestore a desired physiological condition or to enrich or supplement theprevailing illumination.

Light prescriptions. For example, in order to achieve a rapid phasedelay in the circadian phase of a subject, circadian-targeted light willbe delivered at an appropriate time which may be determined from initialobservations of the sensor system in operation, for up to several ormore hours. The PRCs show that phase advances change to phase delays atabout 3 hours before DLMO and switch from delay to advances at about 9hours after DLMO in general.

Places of potential use for the system described herein include: athletedormitories, residences and training facilities (e.g. athlete villagesin the Olympics), military bases and barracks, military transportsystems—airplane, submarines and ships, wellness clinics and hospitalwellness centers, classrooms, and commercial transportation, addictionrehabilitation facilities. Thus, the system has three basic components,as previously outlined has broad uses. The subsystems are—(1) a hardwarecomponent in the form of lighting fixtures/modules capable of deliveringtunable lighting that is capable of stimulating the circadian system;(2) a hardware component in the form of distributed sensors capable ofgathering occupant information and information on other sources ofillumination, so that the system can correct its output in feedback modeand optimize the delivery of lighting conditions to the occupantsaccording to the lighting-prescription requirements. (3) A softwarecomponent that controls the hardware and provides a method for users toenter system parameters, such as desired times of peak performance,schedule constraints, etc. Based on this information, the softwarechooses and adapts one of its various default prescriptions (based onthe human model parameters) to the specified timeframe, and implementsit in the hardware front end. In addition to these three components, thesystem as envisaged here, entails the development oflighting-prescriptions for optimizing various aspects of humanperformance to various required tasks.

A lighting-prescription is a combination of specific lighting conditionsthat are implemented by the system over a period of time. Theseconditions include spectral, color, intensity and mode of delivery (e.g.direct vs diffuse, continuous vs periodic, time/frequency modulations,etc.) information. These lighting prescriptions are derived fromknowledge of how the human circadian system operates, and therefore aredesigned in reference to the human model. Such knowledge is obtainedfrom findings obtained in scientific/clinical circadian studies on humansubjects.

Light-prescription details. The light-prescriptions may be designed withthe purpose of optimizing human performance in the subjects' living orworking environment, or designed for better enabling mission-criticaltasks to be performed at a geographic location offset in time orgeography. Elements of human performance that can be improved with thissystem include focus/alertness, physical endurance and stamina,cognitive/learning capability, decision-making ability, problem-solving,etc. The specific content of the lighting prescriptions(s) can beconsidered as either (1) trade-secrets, (2) subject matter requiringfurther research or investigation to pursue in other separate patentfilings, (3) as continuation-in-part (appendices/addenda, subdivisions)to this patent application. While general prescriptions could beproduced now if case (3) is adopted, further laboratory circadianstudies are believed to be generally necessary to validate the recipesrelevant for desired effects to be achieved or specific uses. Indeed,because so many biological systems appear to be influenced by lightexposure, even a routine search for and testing or simple lightprescriptions will possibly result in surprising discoveries not readilydeduced from the foregoing known results. In general different classesof subjects, when monitored and correlated with their light exposure andperformance measurement circadian data, are expected to result in“discovery” of use-specific causal or health-related connections.

Light prescriptions can exist in two types—(1) general lightprescriptions aimed at conditioning the circadian system of the usersaccording to model input parameters such as desired time or start andpeak of activity. These prescriptions are based on a global human modelthat is assumed applicable to all end-user instances. (2) Customizedprescriptions aimed at optimizing the circadian activity to a specificgroup conducting a specific task, i.e., involvingoptimizations/personalization of the human model.

Prescriptions of type (1) are administered automatically by the systemupon entry of the relevant parameters in the system's interface by theuser, while those of type (2) may require periodic intervention from anexpert in chronobiology. Prescriptions of type (2) may therefore requirea periodic (e.g. subscription) ongoing evaluation and control softwareupdate service in addition to initial hardware acquisition of the basicsystem, and thus may require development of special expert consultingand implementation crews.

Embodiments of the system may include an item that is worn by thesubject. For example, the system is an item that is eyewear, a headband,a cap or hat, or a headset. Sensors that measure circadian or biometricparameters, such as a Fitbit/apple watch, can also be worn.Advantageously, by integrating system components such that the subjects'circadian state is automatically monitored, detected and analyzed, thesystem may be configured so that detailed user expertise or expertset-up are not needed for many basic operation. Thus, the elements andrepresentative characteristic operation shown in FIG. 1-FIG. 6 are ofgeneral applicability, and may even, in some embodiments be operatedwith a software-embodied learning module which adapts its operation toambient conditions detected at the site of installation, detectingillumination patterns, determining user circadian phase, applying lightsupplements and detecting or confirming the systems' effectiveness atstabilizing or shifting the effect on the subject during its operation.

Briefly recapitulating the aforedescribed structure and describedoperation, of a basic system:

FIG. 1 shows four sets of components: a user/input interface whichincludes expert input conditioning are a first component; which can betransmitted wirelessly to a system control engine containingprescription adjustment and a human model; connected wirelessly to lightmodules/fixtures; which is connected to a sensor subsystem containingexpert sensor modules and sensor information.

FIG. 2 shows normalized spectral power effects and circadian melatoninand photopic spectra as a function of wavelength (nm) on the abscissa.

FIG. 3A shows individual LED channels driven with different intensities.

FIG. 3B shows how different sum spectra are produced by the LED channelsof different intensities in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4A shows spectra of red, green and blue presets chosen for anexample herein.

FIG. 4B shows colors of spectra of FIG. 4A in the chromaticity diagram.

FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing melatonin difference scores (percentsuppression) resulting from exposure either to ambient light enhancedwith bright light conditions (about 500 lux) of red wavelengths (bar onleft) or blue wavelengths (bar on right) of students exposed to thesystem herein. Light was administered beginning at 1.5 hours posthabitual bedtime for one hour. The data indicate that the blue-enhancedlight was more effective than the red-enhanced light (p=0.002) insuppressing melatonin, the percent suppression calculated in comparisonto dim light conditions (less than 10 lux).

FIG. 6 is a schematic of a portable, deployable circadian-enhanced LEDfixture for easy installation, having magnetic or adhesive backing on a2-channel LED strip which includes blue-boosted LED and non-boosted LEDlight sources.

In general the light systems herein are intended to and are capable ofaffecting circadian physiology, mood, biophilic properties, focus,wellness and health. One exemplary system may be operated to establishthe baseline circadian states of elderly subjects in prevailing seasonallight.

FIG. 7 illustrates the effective percent transmission of light in theeye reaching the retinal ganglion cells across the wavelength spectrumfor aged human subjects of age 30, 50 or 75. Such subjects thus areeffectively exposed to lesser illumination. Since their metabolicefficiency and capabilities for melatonin production as a function ofwavelength, may also change significantly, the set points or LED recipesare expected to be quite different for such groups of subjects.

By way of example of what may be encountered in practice, FIG. 8A is ananalysis of the circadian efficiency of radiation (CER) for sunlightmeasured Jun. 4, 2016 in Providence R.I. (black curve), also showingsimulation of the natural lighting that is achieved with operation of a2-channel LED troffer system.

FIG. 8B shows high and low CER spectra generated by the 2-channel systemherein, and a comparison with the melatonin action spectrum.

FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B illustrate photometer sensors and a low-cost on-chipfilter colorimeter sensor that is useful in some embodiments to obtainand record a low resolution spectral characterization of the ambientlight; and FIG. 9B shows an on-chip spectrometer that allows highresolution spectral measurement. These and other sensing elements may beincorporated in systems of the invention for measuring and determiningthe circadian and photopic light experienced by a user, which is then tobe supplemented by a light prescription applied by the controller.

FIG. 10 is a drawing of one wearable sensor device showing a number ofpossible sensing elements that can be included in a user-worn sensoraddressed to collection and monitoring of biometric data such as bodytemperature, heart rate, movements or activity, hours of sleep and restin addition to the light exposure and spectrum characterization data.

FIG. 11 illustrates spectra of LED channels used in modules of aprototype system to provide the appropriate spectral coverage. Data weremeasured with a spectrophotometer by placing the modules within a whitebox. The blue, purple, and yellow curves represent typical LED emissionspectra. The orange curve represents a phosphor-LED module, in whichbroadband phosphor emission is excited by a narrow LED peak, shown near450 nm.

FIG. 12 shows Solar and LED spectra wherein the normalized spectralpower distribution of daylight during the morning period on Jan. 25,2016 is shown in red and device-synthesized light prescriptions, made byfitting the 4-channel LED module are shown in black. A schematic insetabove each frame shows the position of the sun relative to the horizon(horizontal line) at the time the sample was measured or delivered. Thedashed vertical line indicates the position of the peak in the solardaylight illuminance spectrum. The Solar daylight data were collected onJan. 25, 2016 in Providence, R.I., USA (41.8240° N, 71.4128° W) withsunrise at 07:05 and sunset at 16:51.

FIG. 13 illustrates figures of merit for solar daylight and LED light.(a) Circadian efficacy of radiation (CER), (b) circadian action factor(CAF), (c) correlated color temperature (CCT), and (d) color renderingindex (CRI). Solar data were collected on Jan. 25, 2016 in Providence,R.I., USA (41.8240° N, 71.4128° W) with sun rise at 07:05 and sunset at16:51. Solar data are shown in red and LED data in black, indicating avery accurate artificial synthesis of the natural light spectral andintensity using the four channel LED illuminator.

It will be understood that sunlight that reaches us is filtered bydifferent thicknesses of atmosphere as the solar angle and solardistance change with daytime and season; these changes imprint arhythmicity to daylight, which manifests in the dim, deep blue skyduring the ‘Blue Hour’, when the sun is below the horizon just beforesunrise and just after sunset, the orange glow ‘Golden Hour’ when thesun is only a few degrees above the horizon, and the white appearance ofnoon daylight. Thus we refer to this time-of-day change in spectralpower from solar angle and distance as a spectral-temporal relationship.This rhythmicity in spectral composition and intensity could also act assources stimuli to the circadian system that consists of the sleep-awakecycle as well as the less apparent ones such as digestion. Theuser-based sensors of systems herein may help identify such as-yetundiscovered connections.

Circadian Phase Response Curves (PRC's) have been established as a modelto show the effects of a stimulus on shifting the circadian rhythmsendogenous phase (time). Light exposure often takes an intensity,duration and time of day measure to either phase advance or delay theendogenous clock, and this model is helpful in understanding that theamplitude of the endogenous response is a combination of exogenicstimulus factors as well as the internal time-of-cycle of the endogenousclock to which it is applied. Exogenous time-of-day is independent ofendogenous time-of-cycle, although photoentrainment can keep themsynchronized. Currently few if any PRC models have attempted toincorporate the spectral content or change in spectral content of lightinto account. However with the rediscovery of intrinsic photosensitiveRetinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGC) in the eye, provides growing, albeitstill indirect, evidence that a spectral-temporal sensitivity to lightmay also affect this response and should be incorporated in the modelingand control engine of the present system.

A percentage of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells(ipRGC) contain the photopigment melanopsin. In the context of thecircadian system, these cells are sensitive to light and someexperiments show most sensitive to blue light at around 460-480 nm.Photoic information is transmitted to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)of the anterior hypothalamus via the retinohypothalamic tract. The SCNis considered to be the master circadian clock in mammals. The SCNregulates melatonin release from the pineal gland. Melatonin is ahormone that is used as a circadian phase marker. More recent studiessuggest that the ipRGCs as well as other photorecpeters in the eye (rodsand cones for example) work together to integrate photic informationthat is received by the circadian system. In light of these studies itis clear that while the circadian system may be sensitive to blue light,the circadian system is responsive to a broad range of spectraldistributions. Light history/photoperiod are also important factors inhow the circadian system reacts to administration of light, and may beincorporated, or the sensor outputs processed to determine a lightingregimen/distribution to be provided.

Systems of the invention may integrate the various wearable and fixedsensor components to communicate with each other and with thecontroller, which in some embodiments contains a database to log thesensed values and preferably also a modeling engine to run algorithmsthat compute ideal settings for driving the light fixture channels toachieve a specified operation for stabilizing, shifting or supplementingthe light levels provided to the user/subject.

Parameters included in the user model, current actual values of whichare determined by the fixed and wearable sensors and are stored in thedatabase, include sleep and wake history, activity history, circadianlight dosage, environment, and biometric information.

In operation, set points may be calculated by the system algorithm whichcombines the user model with measured data from sensors and from optimalvalues derived from data to calculate the light CER and intensity setpoints.

Systems may be built with wireless communication between one or more ofthe subsystems described above, so that relevant data (such as overcastweather, time of sunrise or other data is provided by subsystems outsideof or totally independent of the sensors and controls described above.

Experimentation has determined optimal times for delivering circadian orphotopic lighting to act on the subject circadian state. One fairlydirect application of this knowledge would be, for example to establishelementary school lighting parameters that provide blue-enhancedillumination at the start of the day, initiating a level of alertness sothat all pupils are in an optimal state for focusing attention andlearning. This is expected to remediate any effects that a class mightotherwise suffer from fatigued students whom had stayed up too late andbecome fidgety, de-focused or simply prematurely drowsy/sleepy.Application of morning blue light illumination can also be applied at atime in the circadian phase that effectively advances DMLO to promotealertness and enhanced performance during the school day and facilitatessleep earlier in the evening at home

The invention having been fully described and enabled by examplesherein, it is further exemplified by the following claims, which are notto be construed as further limiting.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for tuning, control or remediation of abiological light-responsive state, the system comprising a lightcontroller to control an illumination source and a sensing feedbacksystem connected to or communicating with the controller and comprisinga physiological sensor worn by or attached to a subject, the controllerbeing operative to set at least one of: spectral distribution, lightintensity, light directionality, light periodicity, and a bioactivespectral band, during a programmed or specified time, providing alighting prescription to supplement ambient or other illuminationexperienced by the subject in a manner effective to shift or to entraina circadian response of the subject and thereby improve the subject'sperformance under changing, disrupted, unnatural extended,geographically discontinuous or spectrally deficient or inappropriatelighting, applying an illumination recipe that compensates fordeficiency, or shifts or enhances the circadian response in a subject.2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the controller applies aTable of Prescriptive Settings for controlling light to synchronize asubject's timing or level of production of melatonin or other circadianeffector so as to optimize at least one of alertness, cognition,physical performance, sleepiness, sleep, and restedness in accordancewith a predetermined scheduled event, group activity or mission event.3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the controller providesautomated control or wireless management of illumination parameters. 4.The system according to claim 3, wherein the automated control ismanually adjustable by the subject or other user.
 5. The systemaccording to claim 3, wherein the automated control is not adjustable.6. The system according to claim 3 wherein at least one of timing,intensity and spectral distribution of illumination is applied to shift,or to stabilize Circadian phase.
 7. The system according to claim 3which applies blue-boosted illumination for a specified time to achievea defined Circadian phase delay.
 8. The system according to claim 3which applies blue-boosted white light for several hours substantiallyafter DLMO to achieve a Circadian phase advance; or applies a lesserintensity and duration of blue-boosted white light to achieve a phasedelay over the course of one day.
 9. The system according to claim 1,wherein the controller applies a palliative spectral recipe to manage orreduce fatigue or tension, a medical condition such as elevated bloodpressure or a psychological condition, or a mood.
 10. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the controller controls at least one lightsource, but ideally two or more light sources to apply a prescribedillumination supplement timed to synchronize or phase-shift thesubject's circadian state.
 11. The system according to claim 1, whereinthe controller receives from the physiological sensor a biofeedbacksignal indicative of a subject's circadian response or estimatedcircadian response and adjusts lighting control in accordance therewithto shift or strengthen circadian phase in support of an intended task,location or activity to be performed by the subject.
 12. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the system is located in or convenientlymovable to a designated remediation area of a structure selected from:an athletic facility, a police station, a fire station, an airporthangar, a compartment or a cabin of a truck, airplane, ship, an EMTvehicle, a bus, and a room in a hospital such as an intern's lounge oran operating room, nursing home, or an assisted living facility, and aschool classroom.
 13. The system according to claim 1 wherein thecontroller controls a blue-boosted LED light source and is in a kit in acontainer which is portable and further comprises instructions forinstallation and de-installation.
 14. The system according to claim 1,wherein the physiological sensor is part of eyewear, a headband, a hat,a cap, or a headset.
 15. The system according to claim 1, wherein thelight is at least one LED.
 16. The system according to claim 1, whereinthe light directionality is direct light.
 17. The system according toclaim 1, wherein the light directionality is diffuse light.
 18. Thesystem according to claim 1, wherein the sensor detects lightexperienced by the user, or a physiologic state of the user, ormelatonin level in a body fluid of the user, or sleep/wake activitypatterns, or other markers (hormones, secretions) indicative ofcircadian state or used to estimate circadian state.
 19. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein circadian phase is determined from one ormore actigraphy sensors.
 20. The system according to claim 1, comprisingan LED with blue light to provide high CER illumination.
 21. The systemaccording to claim 20 further including an incandescent light element.22. The system according to claim 1, wherein circadian phase isdetermined from one or more actigraphy sensors or from a sensor thatdetects DLMO (dim light melatonin onset) in a sample of body fluid. 23.A method of treatment to shift or entrain circadian rhythm in a subjectto reduce stress or tension prior to surgery or chemotherapy, the methodcomprising tuning a subject's circadian rhythms by applying the systemaccording to claim 1 to deliver a light prescription dose effective todelay, advance, or entrain the subject's circadian phase.
 24. The methodaccording to claim 23, wherein is the dose is at least two hours, fourhours, or eight hours of treatment for at least one treatment, appliedprior to the surgery or chemotherapy.